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Content Management System (CMS) is web software which purpose is controlling content of websites. CMS administrators can type text, insert images, manage users, manage comments, ... In short, CMS definition is, that is an application for managing content. Otherwise, CMF Content Management Framework or Web Framework (WF) is not strictly connected to managing content like CMS. It is a platform for making web applications. Both, CMS and CMF are made in some programming language like PHP, Python, JavaScript, ... CMS websites are dynamic, so you can easily manage content. Otherwise, some old and temporary websites are not made through CMS, they are static. On those websites, changing content is really hard. All modern websites are made in some CMS. It can be Open Source (free) and Proprietary (paid). There is one more type, and it is CMS made from scratch, but it is more likely proprietary CMS. Most CMSs have some built-in framework.
It is also called Web Application Framework (WAF). WF definition is different from CMS definition. As we said it is web making platform. For example, CMF can be used for team communication to work only in backend without frontend. Or, WF can be used for monitoring some processes, like searching keywords or finding backlinks. Frameworks are developed in some programming language. They usually have libraries for commonly used functions, what helps programmers to reduce unnecessary coding.
Content Management System is like you buy a passenger car, so it can be modified to get more speed or to be more comfortable, but it will always be a passenger car. But imagine that you can from your passenger car make a truck, or backhoe, or race car. That is like CMF.
In short, a Framework is some kind of foundation on which developers built a complex web application, or CMS.